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	<title>Comments on: The State We’re In</title>
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	<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/</link>
	<description>Commentary on monetary policy in the spirit of R. G. Hawtrey</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Tue, 18 Jun 2013 19:03:00 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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		<title>By: The State of Macro: What´s with the numeral 8? &#124; Historinhas</title>
		<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/#comment-12511</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The State of Macro: What´s with the numeral 8? &#124; Historinhas]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 06 Jan 2013 02:16:41 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[[...] Christmas Day David Glasner argued that macro went off track in 1968, and Milton Friedman´s “natural rate hypothesis” was [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Christmas Day David Glasner argued that macro went off track in 1968, and Milton Friedman´s “natural rate hypothesis” was [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Assorted Links &#171; azmytheconomics</title>
		<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/#comment-12436</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Assorted Links &#171; azmytheconomics]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2013 16:58:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[[...] 3. Post of the state of macroeconomics. [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] 3. Post of the state of macroeconomics. [...]</p>
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		<title>By: The Lucas Critique Revisited &#171; Uneasy Money</title>
		<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/#comment-12412</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Lucas Critique Revisited &#171; Uneasy Money]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2013 03:03:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://uneasymoney.com/?p=2067#comment-12412</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] &#171; The State We’re&#160;In [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] &laquo; The State We’re&nbsp;In [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Barry</title>
		<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/#comment-12379</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Barry]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2013 19:19:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://uneasymoney.com/?p=2067#comment-12379</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&quot;Apparently, Krugman feels that if saltwater economists like himself were willing to accommodate the intertemporal-maximization paradigm developed by the freshwater economists, the freshwater economists ought to have reciprocated by acknowledging some role for countercyclical policy.&quot;

No, he&#039;s pointing out that the saltwater people are persuadable by theories which better match the data, while the freshwater (macro) people simply are not.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;Apparently, Krugman feels that if saltwater economists like himself were willing to accommodate the intertemporal-maximization paradigm developed by the freshwater economists, the freshwater economists ought to have reciprocated by acknowledging some role for countercyclical policy.&#8221;</p>
<p>No, he&#8217;s pointing out that the saltwater people are persuadable by theories which better match the data, while the freshwater (macro) people simply are not.</p>
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		<title>By: Blue Aurora</title>
		<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/#comment-12375</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Blue Aurora]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2013 07:59:11 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Speaking about the state of macroeconomics...David Glasner, what is your opinion of the standard decision theory in academic economics - Subjective Expected Utility? 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_expected_utility

It&#039;s even more basic than rational expectations. For those of you that don&#039;t know, S.E.U. theory is the brainchild of three mathematicians - Leonard J. Savage, Frank P. Ramsey, and Bruno de Finetti. It was in the 1950ies when S.E.U. gained a strong foothold in the consensus of academic economics.

However, research from scholars like Daniel Ellsberg (see his 1961 article in the &lt;i&gt;Quarterly Journal of Economics&lt;/i&gt; and his doctoral dissertation which was finished in 1962 but tragically only published in 2001: &lt;i&gt;Risk, Ambiguity, and Decision&lt;/i&gt;), suggest that S.E.U. theory is a very special case. It seems that Daniel Ellsberg&#039;s findings (and the subsequent &quot;ambiguity aversion&quot; literature spawned by his 1961 article in the QJE) point to a more general case.

S.E.U. theory is still in practice, the basic foundation for much of modern macroeconomics. Perhaps it&#039;s time to replace it with a more general theory of decision-making. 

BTW, for further reference folks,  I recommend reading these articles...

Brady, Michael E. and Howard B. Lee - &#039;Dynamics of choice behavior: The logical relation between linear objective probability and Nonlinear Subjective probability&#039; &lt;i&gt;Psychological Reports&lt;/i&gt;, Vol 64(1), Feb 1989, 91-97.

http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.91

Brady, Michael E. and Howard B. Lee - &#039;Theoretical Comparison of the Decision Theories of J. M. Keynes, Kahneman-Tversky, and Einhorn-Hogarth&#039; - &lt;i&gt;Psychological Reports&lt;/i&gt;, Vol 69(1), Aug 1991, 243-251.

http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.1.243

Brady, Michael Emmett - &#039;J.M. Keynes&#039;s Theoretical Approach to Decision-Making Under Conditions of Risk and Uncertainty&#039; - &lt;i&gt;The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science&lt;/i&gt; 44 (2):357-376 (1993)
 
http://bjps.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/2/357.full.pdf
 
Brady, Michael Emmett - &#039;On the Application of J.M. Keynes&#039;s Approach to Decision-Making&#039; - &lt;i&gt;International Studies in the Philosophy of Science&lt;/i&gt; 8 (2):99 – 112 (1994)
 
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02698599408573487
 
Brady, Michael Emmett and Rogerio Arthmar - &#039;Keynes&#039;s Lower-Upper Bound Interval Approach to Probability&#039; - &lt;i&gt;SSRN Working Paper Series&lt;/i&gt;
 
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1546726]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Speaking about the state of macroeconomics&#8230;David Glasner, what is your opinion of the standard decision theory in academic economics &#8211; Subjective Expected Utility? </p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_expected_utility" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_expected_utility</a></p>
<p>It&#8217;s even more basic than rational expectations. For those of you that don&#8217;t know, S.E.U. theory is the brainchild of three mathematicians &#8211; Leonard J. Savage, Frank P. Ramsey, and Bruno de Finetti. It was in the 1950ies when S.E.U. gained a strong foothold in the consensus of academic economics.</p>
<p>However, research from scholars like Daniel Ellsberg (see his 1961 article in the <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i> and his doctoral dissertation which was finished in 1962 but tragically only published in 2001: <i>Risk, Ambiguity, and Decision</i>), suggest that S.E.U. theory is a very special case. It seems that Daniel Ellsberg&#8217;s findings (and the subsequent &#8220;ambiguity aversion&#8221; literature spawned by his 1961 article in the QJE) point to a more general case.</p>
<p>S.E.U. theory is still in practice, the basic foundation for much of modern macroeconomics. Perhaps it&#8217;s time to replace it with a more general theory of decision-making. </p>
<p>BTW, for further reference folks,  I recommend reading these articles&#8230;</p>
<p>Brady, Michael E. and Howard B. Lee &#8211; &#8216;Dynamics of choice behavior: The logical relation between linear objective probability and Nonlinear Subjective probability&#8217; <i>Psychological Reports</i>, Vol 64(1), Feb 1989, 91-97.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.91" rel="nofollow">http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.91</a></p>
<p>Brady, Michael E. and Howard B. Lee &#8211; &#8216;Theoretical Comparison of the Decision Theories of J. M. Keynes, Kahneman-Tversky, and Einhorn-Hogarth&#8217; &#8211; <i>Psychological Reports</i>, Vol 69(1), Aug 1991, 243-251.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.1.243" rel="nofollow">http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.1.243</a></p>
<p>Brady, Michael Emmett &#8211; &#8216;J.M. Keynes&#8217;s Theoretical Approach to Decision-Making Under Conditions of Risk and Uncertainty&#8217; &#8211; <i>The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</i> 44 (2):357-376 (1993)</p>
<p><a href="http://bjps.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/2/357.full.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://bjps.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/2/357.full.pdf</a></p>
<p>Brady, Michael Emmett &#8211; &#8216;On the Application of J.M. Keynes&#8217;s Approach to Decision-Making&#8217; &#8211; <i>International Studies in the Philosophy of Science</i> 8 (2):99 – 112 (1994)</p>
<p><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02698599408573487" rel="nofollow">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02698599408573487</a></p>
<p>Brady, Michael Emmett and Rogerio Arthmar &#8211; &#8216;Keynes&#8217;s Lower-Upper Bound Interval Approach to Probability&#8217; &#8211; <i>SSRN Working Paper Series</i></p>
<p><a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1546726" rel="nofollow">http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1546726</a></p>
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		<title>By: James</title>
		<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/#comment-12372</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[James]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2013 04:27:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://uneasymoney.com/?p=2067#comment-12372</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The essay resonated with me. The assumption of equilibrium flies in the face of life experience.  The climate is not in equilibrium, ecosystems are not in equilibrium. Complex systems are prone to shifts in state both small and large from small changes in initial state. The economy is not a homogenous set of all seeing actors, its full of people who get sleepy, make mistakes, or steal. The initial assumptions seemed to be false 40 years ago when I was first introduced to economics, and I am more convinced that they are wrong now.  As an outsider looking in, I wish those struggling with this problem the willingness to seek new solutions.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The essay resonated with me. The assumption of equilibrium flies in the face of life experience.  The climate is not in equilibrium, ecosystems are not in equilibrium. Complex systems are prone to shifts in state both small and large from small changes in initial state. The economy is not a homogenous set of all seeing actors, its full of people who get sleepy, make mistakes, or steal. The initial assumptions seemed to be false 40 years ago when I was first introduced to economics, and I am more convinced that they are wrong now.  As an outsider looking in, I wish those struggling with this problem the willingness to seek new solutions.</p>
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		<title>By: Tas von Gleichen</title>
		<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/#comment-12357</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tas von Gleichen]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2012 15:02:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://uneasymoney.com/?p=2067#comment-12357</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Highly interesting topic Macroeconomics, and it&#039;s counterpart Microeconomics. The US is a huge country and I&#039;m not surprised that all of the country can be at a very good state. Not in a time of zero interest policy. Time is needed to heal the economy to get an acceptable level of Macroeconomics.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Highly interesting topic Macroeconomics, and it&#8217;s counterpart Microeconomics. The US is a huge country and I&#8217;m not surprised that all of the country can be at a very good state. Not in a time of zero interest policy. Time is needed to heal the economy to get an acceptable level of Macroeconomics.</p>
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		<title>By: Free Banking &#187; Macroeconomics and microeconomics</title>
		<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/#comment-12346</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Free Banking &#187; Macroeconomics and microeconomics]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2012 01:57:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://uneasymoney.com/?p=2067#comment-12346</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] Glasner’s latest post concerns the state of macroeconomics. He observes [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Glasner’s latest post concerns the state of macroeconomics. He observes [...]</p>
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		<title>By: David Glasner</title>
		<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/#comment-12325</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[David Glasner]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Dec 2012 03:34:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://uneasymoney.com/?p=2067#comment-12325</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Mike,  There’s a quote from J.S. Mill writing in the mid-19th century, verbally patting himself and the other classical economists on the back for having solved all the difficult problems in economics.   Plus ca change plus c’est la meme chose.

Diego, Thanks so much for the links.

Joshua, Thanks for your comment.  Comments like this one are ample reward for the time and effort that I put in to the blog.  But the greatest reward is that I have to figure out what I am really thinking before I can put something out there for others to read.

anon,  That’s a good way of saying it, but I am not sure I agree that that’s all ratex is about.

Marcus, I totally agree that economics is not just like physics.  I actually don’t remember the correspondence principle.  I need to go back and look it up in the Foundations.

choncan,  I actually read the Klamer book years ago, and may still have it somewhere.  It probably would be worth going back and rereading it, to see how the interviewees and the profession have changed since the mid-1980s.  It might also help me get a handle on how much I have changed.  I totally agree with your assessment of how Scott Sumner presents an argument.  

Scott,  I guess one of us will have to write a history of thought paper on ratex.  So what exactly caused you to become disillusioned or disinterested in macro before the panic of 2008?  What, if anything, do you find objectionable in DSGE models?]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Mike,  There’s a quote from J.S. Mill writing in the mid-19th century, verbally patting himself and the other classical economists on the back for having solved all the difficult problems in economics.   Plus ca change plus c’est la meme chose.</p>
<p>Diego, Thanks so much for the links.</p>
<p>Joshua, Thanks for your comment.  Comments like this one are ample reward for the time and effort that I put in to the blog.  But the greatest reward is that I have to figure out what I am really thinking before I can put something out there for others to read.</p>
<p>anon,  That’s a good way of saying it, but I am not sure I agree that that’s all ratex is about.</p>
<p>Marcus, I totally agree that economics is not just like physics.  I actually don’t remember the correspondence principle.  I need to go back and look it up in the Foundations.</p>
<p>choncan,  I actually read the Klamer book years ago, and may still have it somewhere.  It probably would be worth going back and rereading it, to see how the interviewees and the profession have changed since the mid-1980s.  It might also help me get a handle on how much I have changed.  I totally agree with your assessment of how Scott Sumner presents an argument.  </p>
<p>Scott,  I guess one of us will have to write a history of thought paper on ratex.  So what exactly caused you to become disillusioned or disinterested in macro before the panic of 2008?  What, if anything, do you find objectionable in DSGE models?</p>
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		<title>By: Scott Sumner</title>
		<link>http://uneasymoney.com/2012/12/25/the-state-were-in/#comment-12324</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Scott Sumner]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Dec 2012 01:22:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://uneasymoney.com/?p=2067#comment-12324</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[David,  I think you might be putting too much weight on the identical expectations assumptions.  It seems to me that this is often just done for convenience, but it&#039;s not really the essence of ratex.  The essence of ratex is that aggregate expectations are consistent with the model.  Here would be a typical non-ratex argument:

&quot;Fed policy has no permanent effect on exchange rates and inflation expectations at the zero bound, but the markets wrongly think QE does have a permanent effect, and hence prices move on new information relating to QE.&quot;  

I have no interest in that sort of model.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>David,  I think you might be putting too much weight on the identical expectations assumptions.  It seems to me that this is often just done for convenience, but it&#8217;s not really the essence of ratex.  The essence of ratex is that aggregate expectations are consistent with the model.  Here would be a typical non-ratex argument:</p>
<p>&#8220;Fed policy has no permanent effect on exchange rates and inflation expectations at the zero bound, but the markets wrongly think QE does have a permanent effect, and hence prices move on new information relating to QE.&#8221;  </p>
<p>I have no interest in that sort of model.</p>
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